Background

The goals of Title I, Part D of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) (also known as Prevention and Intervention Programs for Children and Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At Risk) are to improve educational programming for children and youth who are neglected, delinquent, or at risk; to promote successful transitions from institutionalization to further schooling or employment; and to provide support to youth who may be at risk of academic failure. Students who are neglected or delinquent (N or D) generally attend State-operated institutions or community day programs and school district programs that collaborate with locally operated correctional facilities. The U.S. Department of Education (ED) administers Title I, Part D through the Office of Student Achievement and Accountability Programs’ Office of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Until recently, there has been no comprehensive data collection to provide information about how States choose to distribute their Title I, Part D funds or the background of the students supported by funding. The 2004–2005 school year marked the first-ever widespread data collection effort for Part D programs, and this brief provides an overview of the types of programs and students being served. The data source for this brief is the Consolidated State Performance Report (CSPR) for the 2004–2005 school year.

Title I, Part D Funding

Title I, Part D provides funds for education programs through two subparts—Subparts 1 and 2. States distribute Subpart 1 funds through the State education agency (SEA) to State agencies (SAs) serving youth who are N or D. Under Subpart 2, the SEA awards subgrants to local education agencies (LEAs) serving high numbers of children and youth in locally operated juvenile correctional facilities, including facilities administering community day programs.

Figure 1 illustrates Title I, Part D allocations from 1995–1996 through 2004–2005. During this 10-year period, overall Title I, Part D funding has increased slightly (see bars on graph), mostly due to increases in Subpart 2 funding (see top line).

Figure 1. Title I, Part D Allocations From 1995–1996 to 2004–2005

 

Subpart 1
In the 2004–2005 school year, the Title I, Part D, Subpart 1 program distributed $47,494,776. These funds reached 1,204 N or D programs and served a total of 117,114 students who are N or D across the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The average per-pupil expenditure (PPE) for Subpart 1 was $405.54. This number varies by State, as demonstrated in table 1.

State	Subpart 1 Allocation	% of Total Subpart 1 Allocation	Number of Students Served1	% of Total Subpart 1 Students Served	Per-Pupil Expenditure2
California3	$3,248,589	6.8%	2,403	2.1%	$1,351.89
New York	$3,084,881	6.5%	6,050	5.2%	$509.90
Ohio	$2,664,127	5.6%	6,648	5.7%	$400.74
Texas	$2,651,658	5.6%	4,759	4.1%	$557.19
New Jersey	$2,500,948	5.3%	4,323	3.7%	$578.52
TOTAL	$14,150,203	29.8%	20,785	20.6%
1 States experienced varied degrees of difficulty reporting data this first year. The data reported in some cases for some States were not comprehensively collected and reported and appear here as best approximations. 2 PPEs were calculated using the number of students reported by States. 3 California specifically demonstrated difficulty in reporting these data. The number reported here is a best approximation by the State and may not fully or accurately reflect the 2004–2005 numbers of students served.

 

Based on the 2004–2005 ED allocations, the top five States absorbed nearly one-third of the total Subpart 1 funds, but served only one-fifth of the total number of students supported by Subpart 1 funding. Reasons for this disparity may include choices in funding distribution, such as focusing funds on needier populations, or data collection or quality issues.

 

Subpart 2
The Subpart 2 program distributed more than twice as much ($108,765,113) during the 2004–2005 school year in financial assistance as the Subpart 1 program. Forty-five States served 298,658 students in 2,012 N or D programs. The average PPE for Subpart 2 programs was $364.13. Table 2 identifies the five States with the greatest Subpart 2 allocations.

State	Subpart 2 Allocation	% of Total Subpart 2 Allocation	Number of Students Served1	% of Total Subpart 2 Students Served	Per-Pupil Expenditure2
California	$21,619,961	19.9%	74,183	24.8%	$291.44
New York3	$14,654,366	13.5%	14,769	4.9%	$992.24
Pennsylvania	$10,141,406	9.3%	14,552	4.9%	$696.91
Florida	$8,465,881	7.8%	55,363	18.5%	$152.92
Michigan4	$6,804,972	6.3%	12,036	4.0%	$565.38
TOTAL	$61,686,585	56.8%	170,903	57.1%
1 States experienced varied degrees of difficulty reporting data this first year. The data reported in some cases for some States were not comprehensively collected and reported and appear here as best approximations. 2 PPEs were calculated using the number of students reported by States. 3 In New York, students who are neglected were served under the Title I, Part A program and were removed from the dataset for Part D reporting. 4 Michigan experienced difficulty reporting these data. The number reported here was drawn from the demographic reporting tables.

 

The top five States accounted for more than 50 percent of the Subpart 2 Federal allocation in the 2004–2005 school year. California alone received about 20 percent of Subpart 2 funds.

 

Program Types

Subpart 1
SEAs may provide funding for up to four types of programs through the SA (based on need). These four programs include neglect, juvenile detention, juvenile corrections, and adult corrections, the latter three serving youth aged 21 and younger who are delinquent. Neglect programs serve children and youth placed in public or private residential facilities due to abandonment, neglect, or death of their parents or guardians. Delinquent facilities are public or private institutions serving children and youth who have been adjudicated delinquent or in need of supervision.

Of the 117,144 students served under Subpart 1, the overwhelming majority (93 percent) were youth who are delinquent (see figure 2). Among these youth, approximately 52 percent were located in juvenile corrections facilities, while the remaining 48 percent were divided relatively evenly between juvenile detention facilities and adult correction facilities. According to State reports, 26,189 delinquent students were served by 87 juvenile detention facilities; 57,374 were served by 496 juvenile corrections facilities; and 25,623 were served by 217 adult corrections facilities. The remaining 7,958 youth were served by 404 neglect facilities.

Because States may choose to fund neglect programs either under Subpart 2 of Title I, Part D or through Title I, Part A allocations, a State may have more neglect programs than reported here in the Part D funding data.

Figure 3 illustrates the percentage of students and facilities supported by Subpart 1 funding by program type in the 2004–2005 school year. Juvenile detention facilities comprised 7 percent of the total number of facilities receiving funding but served 22 percent of those students receiving funding. Neglect facilities, on the other hand, comprised 34 percent of the facilities receiving funding but served only 7 percent of the total number of students supported by Subpart 1 funds. This disparity is likely due to two factors: (1) according to CSPR data, the average length of stay in neglect facilities is nearly 2.5 times as long as the average length of stay in juvenile detention, so more students go through detention facilities over the same amount of time, and (2) the average number of students per facility is smaller in neglect than detention facilities.

Figure 3. Percentage of Students and Facilities Supported by Subpart 1 Funding
by Program Type in School Year 2004–2005

 

Subpart 2
LEAs provide funding for a different set of four N or D program types: at-risk programs, neglect programs, juvenile detention, and juvenile corrections. At-risk programs serve students who are at risk of academic failure, substance abuse, or juvenile delinquency.

In the 2004–2005 school year, a total of 298,658 students benefited from Subpart 2 funding. More than 550 programs served 27,344 youth who are neglected; 115 programs served 4,498 youth who are at risk; and 1,201 programs served 266,816 youth who are delinquent. The latter consisted of 562 juvenile detention facilities serving 196,674 youth and 639 juvenile corrections facilities serving 70,142 youth.

As with Subpart 1, youth who are delinquent (collectively) benefited most from Subpart 2 funds (89 percent of students and 64 percent of facilities). Figures 4 and 5 show the breakdown of programs and students receiving Subpart 2 funding in 2004–2005.

Figure 4. Subpart 2: Types of Programs Serving Students in School Year 2004–2005

 

Figure 5. Percentage of Students and Facilities Receiving Subpart 2 Funding by Program
Type in School Year 2004–2005

 

Data Limitations

This brief provides a first look at Title I, Part D programming based on the information reported by States for the 2004–2005 school year. The data presented herein consist of national averages and therefore do not reflect the variation among States. In addition, as this was the first-ever data collection for the Title I, Part D program, many States struggled to provide complete data, and the information provided may not fully represent Part D services. States are working to improve data systems for future data reporting.

This ND Data Brief was prepared by Tal Kerem, Sarah Tetteyfio, Stephanie Lampron, and Natalia Pane of the National Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center for the Education of Children and Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk (NDTAC).

 

Resources

To view State-specific data for Title I, Part D, see the NDTAC State Fast Facts pages.

These data may not fully align with the the certified CSPR data as they include corrections or updates provided to NDTAC by individual States.